美国很多人自己买地建房。一般自己建房如果规划得当,自己动手能力强,懂一些建筑知识,有时间管理,可以省几万美元。但很多人也后悔自己建房,因为最后省下的钱不多,反而花费了大量的精力和时间。当然一般美国建房除了价格上有些争议,很少听说质量上有问题,因为一旦发生质量官司,建筑商就很难有活干了。
自己建房,并非一砖一瓦都是自己干。有两种方式,自己去找承建商,全部包给对方;也可以自己做总承包商,把房屋的各项分包给专业公司去做。如果自己对建筑了解头透彻,第二种方式更好,可以控制总成本,也可以实现自己的各种细节设想。建房实在不是一件容易的事情,不过,看着自己的家在一片空地上慢慢长出来,那些辛苦也算不得什么了。
美国建筑用地,城市规划很有意思。很少把住宅区规划在可耕田上,一般都在丘陵,树林,坡地,湖边等不易种植开垦的地方。想美国第7大城市,亚利桑那首府凤凰城就规划在沙漠地带。一个地方一旦有人居住,那个地方的绿化不用担心,过几年就变漂亮了。植树造林不用动员,大家都会在自家前院后院搞绿化。很多来美国旅游的人都赞叹居民小区里的绿化,其实大多是有人建房,有人居住之后,人们自己慢慢种植起来的。一家叫做Lows的连锁店卖各种树苗,植物,花卉,是少数几家在金融风暴中没有收到太大冲击的零售商。
这是一个犹他州的David Halls自己建房过程,可以参考。
建房第一步:找地方。这个地方(lot)大约有一英亩,山脚下有一半平地可用。土地价格:2万美金。
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寻找建筑商。出售土地时候,很多承建商都会打广告,比如下面这个牌子上,就有电话号码。
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然后,土地商就会把买地的各种文件送到县土地管理办公室注册,说明你的土地已经有产权了,也支付了架设水管,排污管的费用了。这些在购买土地的时候,合同会明确要求。政府只负责土地的水管,天然气等公共设施。有的规划得好的土地有电,如果没有,自己与电力公司联系架设,电线等也一样,不一定由政府负责。
在卖土地之后,如果马上修房,需要及时递交建筑申请,否则不能开工。如果不是马上修房,需要告诉土地管理办公室,要延缓申请修房。否则政府部门看到递交的购地文件并没有申请建房,他们可能就会把文件丢掉。以后递交申请的时候,会找不到你的买地文件。官僚主义在美国政府也有,唯一的差别是,你找他们总可以找到最后负责的人,而不会不了了之。
土建:
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墙基
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立起来的是地下室墙壁
基础建设
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整个地基就是这个样子
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下水管道
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管线和防水层
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黑色涂层是防水层
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回填地下室土层
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一楼地热
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地面
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建筑垃圾
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美国房屋其实就是木盒子,墙壁,门窗都是型材,所以修起来很快。不过木板都是经过防火,防水,防蛀处理。
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第一天是这样子
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几天后。。。
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进展顺利
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雨季到俩前要封顶
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地下室用强化板盖起来
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后墙是山坡,用大石头挡
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石头都是土建时候挖出来的
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用石头与邻居隔开
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水电安装
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配电
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中央空调,4、5个人干了整整3天
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垂直管道
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屋顶
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屋顶地下的防潮纸
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安装完的屋顶
电线,自己可得花些心思了
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大体成型了:
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壁炉:
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隔热层
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外墙贴砖,装饰
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刷墙
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地砖
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发挥想象的时候:装修
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The office doors
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The stairs to the basement
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Wainescot in the girls' room
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Shelving and coat rack in the mud room
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油漆:
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室外水泥地
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木地板
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后院DECK
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The framed back deck before the Trex went on
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The deck after the Trex was installed
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储藏柜
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厨房
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The fridge
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In the bath
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地下室通道
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最后的样子
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Some Final Pictures,
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